• It is true that Academic writing is seen as a type of conversation (p. 35). In academic writing, one reads a text which they talk about. One needs to learn to talk and to act like the person who they are studying to become. In academic writing, each metaphor has its own rules of etiquette and evidence.
• It is critical to understand that the writing metaphor has a couple of strengths. Writing as a conversation shows how intellectual works’ social aspects and how academic writing responds to the ideas and the texts of other people (p. 36). The strengths of this wring suggest that the purpose of this wring is to state the final decision on a project.
• Academic writing is asymmetrical and a curious sort of conversation. In page 37, academic writing is seen as recirculating ones writing by highlighting sections of the texts that need to be considered. Most of the academic writing fails to reply to the texts that it refers from so much like ideas and forward passages from them.
• Understanding that academic writing is almost meant to persuade the third thinker is critical in understanding the concept of academic writing. A scholar will critic work done by another scholar with the aim of wanting the scholar to recant than having the audience see the good sense of what they aim to pass across. This fact shows that the majority of academic writing is one-sided since writers take phrases and ideas from the content that they have read and reapplied it in handling a different set of texts and issues.
• When it comes to the projects, there are four important ways to shape the purpose of writing the project. The ways include authorizing, illustrating, borrowing and extending (p. 39). The methods are significant since, in forwarding, one starts to change the focus of the readers from the author’s point of view to the point of view of the project. Extracting the ideas used for the project is a part of the requirements of the writer.
• Illustrating gives the author of the project the material that they need to think about as they begin their projects in terms of the anecdotes, data, scenarios, and When an author means to quote non-print media, they are required to do the works that they are quoting theirs.
• Authorizing is another way of allowing sourcing of ideas and terms together with examples and images. It is important to authorize, not only to make to help in being straight when following the conventional mode of intellectual housekeeping. Steinem feels that advertisers are required to exert an influence in the magazines for women through the use of the editorial content (p. 45).
• Borrowing involves calling on other texts to support and to advance ones work by borrowing ideas and terms from other writers to apply in thinking in one’s project (p. 46) — the quick tactical act of borrowing from other texts in principle act of intellectual writing.
• Extending in project writing involves moving outward by selecting, commenting and changing of the texts that have been brought forward (p. 47). The greatest aim and purpose of extending is to give more meaning. Through extending, one author can link their position with the position of another author and even push beyond them.
• However, it is sometimes risky to extend another person’s text. There is the probability that one might go astray and misappropriate the phrasings and the ideas of the other writers. In forwarding, it is vital for one to be able to cite authorities, borrow concepts and cull examples with speed and with confidence (p. 53).

References

“Chapter 2: Forwarding” in Rewriting, 2nd edition (pages 35-54)