Pneumonia

1. Alternative tests that may be carried out include pulmonary angiography, bronchoscopy, ventilation-perfusion, exercises and pulmonary function tests (Sutton, 2014). Pulmonary angiography will be used to nullify pulmonary embolism when ventilation-perfusion fails to rule out the same (pulmonary embolism) (Adamec, 2011). Bronchoscopy is useful in eliminating not only lung cancer but also sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis as well as foreign body (Sutton, 2014). Finally, exercises will be effective in establishing whether the patient has heart disease or lung disease.
2. Amikacin is the antibiotic to which Klebsiella is highly sensitive (Adamec, 2011).
3. At age 73, a patient is a senior man. It follows that there are high chances for him to develop severe complications having been suspected to have pneumonia (Sutton, 2014). Therefore, the patient should be provided with the antibiotics to alleviate the possible threats.

4.The patient has a high likelihood of succumbing to cognitive problems that may lead to disability causing nursing home admissions (Adamec, 2011). Besides, the patient may suffer substantially from depression which will incapacitate his ability to perform day-to-day life activities, for instance, walking and use of bathrooms without assistance (Sutton, 2014).

5.According to Adamec (2011), elevated lung enzymes is triggered by alcoholic hepatitis, and this gives proof to the man’s long history of prolonged periods of alcohol consumption.

Addison’s Disease

Q1. According to the Endocrine Society guidelines, the ACTH stimulation test is the optimal test for the diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency (Willson, 2016)

Q2. Alternative tests include Postural Low Blood Pressure test, the 17-HP/Cortisol Ratio test as well as the Iris Contraction Test (Willson, 2016).

Q3. Primary Addison’s disease is due to adrenal dysfunction which may arise as a result of adrenal immune-mediated destruction or due to diseases like cancer (Willson, 2016). Unlike the primary Addison’s disease, the secondary Addison’s disease is caused due to the stopping of the adrenals from functioning as a result of another condition in the body which may be the reduction in the secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland or even the failure the hypothalamus to produce normal levels of the corticotropin-releasing factor (Willson, 2016). The primary and secondary Addison’s disease can be distinguished by the organs triggering the disease (Willson, 2016). Primary Addison’s disease, for instance, is due to adrenal failure while pituitary failure is responsible for secondary Addison’s disease (Willson, 2016).

Q4. The patient is most probably having the primary Addison’s disease implying failure of her adrenals which has caused law aldosterone production consequently causing the lower sodium levels and high potassium levels (Willson, 2016).

References

Adamec, C. A. (2011). Pneumonia. New York, NY: Chelsea House.

Sutton, A. L. (2014). Respiratory disorders sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of lung and respiratory disorders, including asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), influenza, lung cancer, pneumonia, and other infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases ; along with information about pediatric respiratory disorders, tips on preventing respiratory problems and living with chronic lung disease, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of resources for additional help and information. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.

Nick Willson. (2016, June 10). Addison’s Ireland publications. Retrieved from https://www.addisons.org.uk/articles.html/addisons-ireland/addison39s-ireland-publications-r78/

 
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