The article talks about the discovery of double helix DNA in plants and animals.  From the time it was discovered, advances in biology concerning the DNA has been made Ever since its development. The discovery has also enabled the exploration and detection of genome organization.

Using RNA-programmable CRISPR-cas9, biology field has experienced changes with the invention of facile genome engineering in plants and animals (Doudna and Emmanuelle 1).CRISPR-cas9 has caused many laboratories in the world to use innovative technology application in biology. It illustrates the function of genes in mammalian cells, the progression of cancerous cells and other disorders.

The application of CRISPR-cas9 in fungi and plants promises to change the way agricultural research is being conducted. It highlights new techniques whereby genomic manipulation can no longer be a bottleneck to experiment. Thus, this paves a way towards fundamental discoveries in biology.

In separate research conducted by Japanese researchers, they found out that CRISPRs had series of direct interspaced repeats with short sequences of the genome.

Ever since the mechanism CRISPR/Cas9 was understood, researchers were able to harness the system as the biological tool that allows for the precise modification of DNA at any desired sequence.

Researchers have found more fundamental properties concerning what binds DNA and cas9. It states that a double standard break is formed when acas9 and sgRNAs are used together (Doudna and Emmanuelle 4). In my understanding crispr-cas9 is a good technology in terms of engineering and biology.

This method has many disadvantages. The screening has to be done using complex instrument’s which are quite expensive.

Work cited

Doudna, Jennifer A., and Emmanuelle Charpentier. “The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9.” Science 346.6213 (2014): 1258096.