Summary

African-American parenting style emphasizes on morals and personal values that shape children to behave well and respect others. The Black community uses punishment to reinforce desired behaviors that can shape the lives of the children. Despite living in an environment with the same resources, African American “Black: and Whites often raise theirs differently by giving more freedom to explore their world. The reason strictness observed in African-American parents is merely to prevent perpetuating Black stereotypes common among the White’s communities. A large body of evidence shows a relatively high rate of use spanking to teach children to respect power and authority. Conversely, When children get exposed to a violent environment, they suffer an adverse outcome in term of educational achievement. African-American have legitimate fears concerning their children’s safety, and the majority believe physical discipline is essential to keep young people away from incarceration due to crimes. Research conducted on African-American parenting discovered black are the authoritarian type of parents who always exhibit excess control over their children. Researchers have found a strong correlation between child maltreatment and presentation of psychological problem children from an African-American background.

1. Introduction
2. Parenting styles for African-American are guided by Afrocentric beliefs cultural heritage
3. African-American families’ views are parenting style as a communal activity.

Children are usually taught to be respectful and obedient within kinship networks.

1. Evidence supporting African-American parenting style (Amato & Fowler, 2002).
2. Punishments used by the parent to shape African-American children behaviors
3. Physical punishment and prevent misbehavior or extreme negative consequences (Pittman & Chase‐Lansdale, 2001).

African-American families have histories of spanking children to shape their negative behaviors or use as a response to prevent embarrassment in public (Querido, Warner, & Eyberg, 2002).

Regarding the history of slavery, punishment was used to reinforce obedience. Similarly, African-American parents continue to use discipline to prevent challenging behaviors. The selection of the topic aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles in African American families and juvenile delinquency.

1. Evaluating the reasons for African American parents adopted a strict or authoritarian style of parenting.

The parenting is perceived as  (a model of tough love) to prepare their children for the inevitability of mistreatment (Mowen & Schroeder, 2008). The study will examine whether there is a clear connection between African families parenting styles and delinquent behavior among children and adolescents.

Thesis statement: African-American parenting style emphasizes on morals and personal values that shape children to behave well and respect others. The Black community uses punishment to reinforce desired behaviors that can shape the life of the children.

2. Comparison of African-American parenting  and White parenting
3. African American “Black: and Whites often raise their differently (McMurtry, 2013).

While the Black children are taught to adopt the living condition of their parents or guardian, white children are allowed to explore their world.

1. Strict aged African-American,

Grandchildren ensure children behave well while in public. The reason strictness observed in African-American parents is merely to prevent perpetuating Black stereotypes common among the White’s communities. The African-American parenting style is perceived harsh to prepare their generations for realities and behaviors of the white supremacists.

1. Parenting practices and child outcomes
2. Wealth disparities have significant impacts on parenting practices.

African-American often get victimized due to their skin color due to Wealth disparities have significant impacts on parenting practices.

1. minority population group experience hardship

A large body of evidence shows a relatively high rate of use spanking to teach children to respect power and authority.

• Harsh Black parenting aims at preparing the children to survive multiple settings Parenting practices protect children from harm serious implications of violating laws and regulations that govern society (Pettit et al., 2001).

1. Children exposed to a violent environment, they suffer an unfavorable outcome in term of educational achievement.
2. African-American behavior of hitting their children

Increased number of the parents have been arrested while children are placed under foster care to prevent such forms of child abuse (Turner, Chandler & Heffer, 2009).

1. Battering parents
2. A research survey conducted on African-American parenting

Black parents were more than twice compare to Latino and white parents to apply corporal punishment daily thus less likely to spank children as a way of disciplining them.

1. Hitting children is prevalent among the African-American communities (Ferreira, Lauve-Moon, & Cannon 2017).

It ironical that African-American have legitimate fears concerning their children’s safety and the majority believe physical discipline is essential to keep young people away from incarceration due to severe or petty crimes.

1. The adverse impact of child battering
2. Children from African-American background is likely to be assaulted, injured or killed by parents or family member than by authorities or neighborhood security officer.

1. Black child has a high chance of being mistreated and killed than those from white and Latino families respectively. African-American parents often draw attention from children protection department to have their son and daughter placed in foster care (Ferreira, Lauve-Moon, & Cannon, 2017).
2. Disciplinarian Or Authoritarian Approach To African-American Parenting
3. Research conducted on African-American parenting discovered black are the authoritarian type of parents who always exhibit excess control over their children (Amato & Fowler, 2002).
4. African-American parenting expects children to comply with demands without explanation. In the authoritative style of parenting, children lack affection, originality, and spontaneity.
5. African-American parenting is associated with a trend of subjecting children to harsh physical discipline to reduce aggression and negative behavior.

4. Health Risks Of African-American Parenting
5. Research shows a strong correlation between child maltreatment and presentation of psychological problem children from African-American background (Lee et al.2012).
6. Harsh punishment from African-American parenting style results in health risks outcomes associated with adolescents and children.
7. Children experiencing physical abuse during their lifetime are more likely to suffer from major depressive disorder compared to colleagues who have not yet exposed to any form of maltreatment (Lee et al., 2012).
8. Implications of blacks parenting violence on  children
9. Children growth and development is a product of child-parent interactions and the interplays between individual children and their environment (Oravec et al., 2008).
10. The community violence creates an environment which significantly impacts on children’s lives.

1. Mental Disorders Associated With African-American Style Of Parenting

1. An environment where safety is compromised results in high cases of anxiety (Borre & Kliewer, 2015).
2. Exposure to harsh punishment is directly or indirectly leads to stress which manifests in multiple behaviors.

• Exposure to life stressor force children to engage in harmful behavior such as alcohol and substances abuse. Evidence from various study affirms stressful life events, especially during childhood is a significant risk factor that increases the presentation of depressive symptoms among African-American children (Natsuaki et al. 2007).

6. Conclusion

The African-Americans have a unique parenting style that aims to shape the behavior and personalities of their children.  Additionally, the child from Black household is raised differently compare those from white and Latino families. Children are taught to respect their seniors. The punishment was prevented negative consequences of behaviors. However, black parenting style exposes children to a violent environment that is stressor and causality to developing mental health problems and weird practices.

References

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Borre, A., & Kliewer, W. (2014). Parental strain, mental health problems, and parenting practices: A longitudinal study. Personality and individual differences, 68, 93-97.

Ferreira, R. J., Lauve-Moon, K., & Cannon, C. (2017). Male batterer parenting attitudes: Investigating differences between African American and Caucasian men. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(5), 572-581.

Lee, C., Cronley, C., White, H. R., Mun, E. Y., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Loeber, R. (2012). Racial differences in the consequences of childhood maltreatment for adolescent and young adult depression, heavy drinking, and violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(5), 443-449.

Mowen, T. J., & Schroeder, R. D. (2018). Maternal parenting style and delinquency by race and the moderating effect of structural disadvantage. Youth & Society, 50(2), 139-159.

McMurtry, S. L. (2013). Parenting style differences in Black American and White American        young adults.

Natsuaki, M. N., Ge, X., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., & Cutrona, C. E. (2007). African American children’s depressive symptoms: The prospective effects of neighborhood disorder, stressful life events, and parenting. American journal of community psychology, 39(1-2), 163-176.

Oravecz, L. M., Koblinsky, S. A., & Randolph, S. M. (2008). Community violence, inter-partner conflict, parenting, and social support as predictors of the social competence of African American preschool children. Journal of Black Psychology, 34(2), 192-216.

Pettit, G. S., Laird, R. D., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Criss, M. M. (2001). Antecedents and behavior‐problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child development, 72(2), 583-598.

Pittman, L. D., & Chase‐Lansdale, P. L. (2001). African American adolescent girls in impoverished communities: Parenting style and adolescent outcomes. Journal of research on adolescence, 11(2), 199-224.

Querido, J. G., Warner, T. D., & Eyberg, S. M. (2002). Parenting styles and child behavior in African American families of preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(2), 272-277.

Turner, E. A., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R. W. (2009). The influence of parenting styles, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college students. Journal of college student development, 50(3), 337-346.